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Whitchurch–Stouffville (2011 population 37,628; 2015 est.: 46,385〔Statistics Canada, (2011 Census Profile, Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville ); Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville, "(Business Plan, Operating and Capital Budgets 2015 Draft )," Jan. 20, 2015, p. 15.〕) is a municipality in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada, approximately 50 kilometres north of downtown Toronto, and 55 kilometres north-east of Toronto Pearson International Airport. It is 206.41 square kilometres in size, and located in the mid-eastern area of the Regional Municipality of York on the ecologically sensitive Oak Ridges Moraine. Its motto since 1993 is "country close to the city".〔Tracy Kibble, "(Sell Stouffville in '93: EDAC )," 'Stouffville Tribune', Jan. 27, 1993, p. 3.〕 The Town of Whitchurch–Stouffville consists of several distinct communities and the intermediary countryside. The largest urban area is the community of Stouffville proper (2011 pop. 24,866), while other communities in the larger town include Ballantrae, Bethesda, Bloomington, Cedar Valley, Gormley, Lemonville, Lincolnville, Musselman's Lake, Pine Orchard, Pleasantville, Preston Lake, Ringwood, Vandorf, Vivian, and Wesley Corners.〔Cf. (Boundary Map ), Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville, official website. For a detailed history of these unique communities, see Jean Barkey et al., (Whitchurch Township ) (Erin, ON: Boston Mills, 1993).〕 The town is bounded by Davis Drive (York Regional Road 31) in the north, York-Durham Line (York Regional Road 30) in the east, and Highway 404 in the west. The southern boundary conforms with a position approximately 200 metres north of 19th Avenue (York Regional Road 29), and is irregular due to the annexation of lands formerly part of Markham Township in 1971.〔(A Brief History of Whitchurch-Stouffville ), Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville.〕 Between 2006 and 2011, the town grew 54.3%, making it the third fastest growing municipality in Canada.〔Statistics Canada, (2011 Census Profile, Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville ); in 2006/07 the Region projected a population of 38,000 for 2021, which however was reached in 2011 (cf. York Regional Transit, "(VIVA NEXT )," (2006/07), Table 4.1).〕 Over a decade, the number of private dwellings jumped 78% from 7,642 in 2001, to 13,614 in 2011, with an average of 2.76 people per private dwelling.〔Compare Statistics Canada, (2001 Census community highlights for Whitchurch-Stouffville. ), with (Census Profile 2011, Whitchurch-Stouffville, Ontario )."〕 The town projects a total population of 46,385 by mid-year 2015; 55,800 by 2021, and 60,600 in 2031, with 97% of the growth within the urban boundaries of the Community of Stouffville.〔Cf. Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville, (Growth Strategy Management Strategy ).〕 Future growth is governed provincially by the Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Act (2001), the Greenbelt Protection Act (2005) and the Places to Grow Act (2005).〔Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing, (Oak Ridges Morain Conservation Plan ); (Greenbelt Protection ); Ontario Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure, (Places to Grow Act, 2005 ).〕 The intent of these statutes is to prevent urban sprawl on environmentally sensitive land and to accommodate future growth in approved settlement areas only. Consequently, Whitchurch–Stouffville's future growth is planned as "sustainable development", largely within the boundaries of urban Stouffville alone, which reflects the vision of "small town tradition between the country and the city".〔Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville, (Growth Management Strategy ); also York Region Official Plan, (Map: Environmentally Significant Areas and Life Science Areas of Natural and Scientific Interest ) (December 2009).〕 ==History== The oldest human artifacts found in Whitchurch Township date back to 1500 BC and were found in the hamlet of Ringwood (now part of urban Stouffville).〔Barkey et al., (Whitchurch Township ), 118f.; for a very descriptive account of ancient native burial grounds in Whitchurch Township written in 188, cf. C. Mulvany et al., (History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario ) (Toronto: C. Blackett Robinson, 1885), 148–151.〕 Prior to the arrival of Europeans, two Native trails crossed through what is today Whitchurch–Stouffville. The ''Vandorf Trail'' ran from the source waters of the Rouge River to Newmarket, across the heights of the hamlet of Vandorf, and the ''Rouge Trail'' ran along the Rouge River and northwest from Musselman Lake; both were part of the aboriginal and Coureur des bois trail system leading through dense forests from Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe.〔Barkey et al., (Whitchurch Township ), ch. 1, pp. 9ff., 18. Cf. also C.P. Mulvany, et al., (Whitchurch ), ''History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario'' (Toronto: C.B. Robinson, 1885), 148ff.; cf. 1718 map by (de L'Isle ), (フランス語:Carte de la Louisiane et du Cours du Mississipi ), with trail from Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe clearly indicated.〕 The territory was the site of several Native villages, including Iroquois settlements around Preston Lake,〔Cf. (A Brief History of Preston Lake )''Pride and Preston Lake'' website).〕 Vandorf,〔Barkey et al., (Whitchurch Township ), 124f.〕 and Musselman Lake.〔(The Community of Musselman's Lake: A Little History ), Musselman's Lake Residents Association (MLRA) official website.〕 In 2003, a large 16th-century Huron village was discovered in Stouffville during land development; approximately 2000 people once inhabited the site (Mantle Site), which included a palisade and more than 70 longhouses, yielding tens of thousands of artifacts.〔Archeological Services, Inc., (Mantle Site ); Jennifer Birch, ''(Coalescent Communities Iroquoian Ontario )'', PhD Dissertation, Dept. of Anthropology, McMaster University, 2010; Toronto Museum Project, (Dunsmere Pipe ); also Minutes, Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville Council, (Huron Ancestral Village Resolution (C10-C0 & R00) ), June 17, 2007.〕 In 2012, archaeologists revealed that a European forged-iron axehead was discovered at the site--"the earliest European piece of iron ever found in the North American interior."〔"(Curse of the Axe on History )," Northernstars.ca, the Canadian Movie Database, July 6, 2012; also Patrick Cain, "(Vanished Huron village in Whitchurch-Stouffville held baffling mystery )," ''Global News'', July 6, 2012.〕 Other significant late precontact Huron village sites have been located to the south-east (the Draper Site on the Pickering Airport lands) and to the north-west of urban Stouffville (the Ratcliff or Baker Hill Site on Ontario Highway 48, and the Old Fort or Aurora Site on Kennedy Road).〔See List of archaeological sites in Whitchurch–Stouffville.〕 The western end of Whitchurch and Markham Townships was purchased by the British crown from the Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation in 1787 as part of the Toronto Purchase. Whitchurch Township was created in 1792 as one of ten townships in York County. It was named in honour of the village of Whitchurch, Herefordshire in England, where Elizabeth Simcoe (wife of Upper Canada Lieutenant Governor Sir John Graves Simcoe), was born. The first European settlements in Whitchurch Township were established in the 1790s, though Whitchurch and large areas of southern Ontario were only ceded by the south-Central Ontario Mississaugas in 1923.〔Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, (The Williams Treaties, 1923 ).〕 Between 1800 and 1802, John Stegman completed a survey of the township which created a system of land concessions. This allowed for the organized distribution of land to settlers, with each concession containing five, lots. This layout remains visible today, as the road network in the area reflects the locations of the boundaries between concession blocks.〔Cf. Barkey et al., (Whitchurch Township ), 14.〕 Early settlers of this period included Quakers〔Wm. H. Smith, (Whitchurch ), ''Canadian Gazetteer'' (Toronto: Roswell, 1849), 212.〕 and Mennonites—two pacifist groups from the nearby American states of Pennsylvania, Vermont and New York. Both groups were seeking religious freedom, and were identified by the Upper Canadian government as people with necessary skills and abilities for establishing viable communities that could, in turn, attract others to settle in the region.〔Barkey et al., (Whitchurch Township ), 14.〕 Mercenary German Hessian soldiers, like Stegman, were also granted land in Upper Canada by Britain in exchange for their service in the American Revolution against the 13 Colonies.〔 Many of the first settlements in Whitchurch Township were developed at the intersections of main roads throughout the township and /or near streams where mills could built to process the timber cleared from the land.〔See Barkey, et al., (Whitchurch Township ), 19f.〕 Stoufferville was one such hamlet that grew around the saw and grist mills of Abraham Stouffer, a Mennonite who with his wife Elizabeth Reesor Stouffer came from Chambersburg, Pennsylvania in 1804, and acquired of land.〔(History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario ), vol. 2 (1885), 462.〕 Elizabeth's brother Peter Reesor established what is today Markham, first called Reesorville. Fifty-five more families from Pennsylvania, mostly Mennonite, arrived in Stoufferville in the next few years.〔For a detailed account, see Jean Barkey, ''(Stouffville, 1877–1977: A Pictorial History of a Prosperous Ontario Community )'' (Stouffville, ON: Stouffville Historical Committee, 1977), 2ff.〕 Stouffer's sawmill was in operation by 1817 on Duffin's Creek on the Whitchurch side of Main St., and by 1825 he had a gristmill across the street on the Markham Township side of Main St. as well.〔((Whitchurch Township ), 34; also Isabel Champion, ed., (Markham: 1793–1900 ) (Markham, ON: Markham Historical Society, 1979), 289–296. For a detailed description of pioneer life, cf. L. Henry and G.C. Paterson, (Pioneer Days in Ontario ) (Toronto: Ryerson, 1938).〕 In the early 1830s, the old Stouffville Road was carved through largely virgin forest to connect York (Toronto) with Brock Township;〔Barkey et al., (Whitchurch Township ), 18.〕 a post office was opened in 1832 and the name Stouffville was standardized.〔Whitchurch-Stouffville Public Library, (Stouffville Walking Tour No. 1 ).〕 In 1839, a new resident from England noted that Stouffville still had "no church (other than the Mennonite Meeting House in neighbouring Altona), baker, or butcher," though "saddlebag (circuit ) preachers sometimes arrived and held meetings at the schoolhouse."〔Barkey et al., (Whitchurch Township ), 96.〕 Nonetheless, Stouffville was considered a centre "of Radical opinion," one of the "hotbeds of revolution," and it was here that William Lyon Mackenzie set forth his plan for the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837–38.〔, vol. 2 (Toronto: 1885), 218; D.B. Read, ''(The Canadian rebellion of 1837 )'' (Toronto, 1896), 293.〕 The hamlet of Stouffville grew rapidly in the 1840s, and by 1849, it had "one physician and surgeon, two stores, two taverns, one blacksmith, one waggon maker, one oatmeal mill, one tailor, one shoemaker."〔(Stouffville ), ''Canadian Gazetteer'' (Toronto: Roswell, 1849), 177.〕 The population reached 350 in 1851, 600 in 1866, and 866 in 1881, with a diversity of Mennonite, Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopal, Baptist and Congregational places of worship.〔Cf. Barkey et al., (Appendix A: Churches ), ''Whitchurch-Township'', 126ff. Also C.P. Mulvany, et al., (Stouffville ), ''History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario'' (Toronto: C.B. Robinson, 1885), 202. Mulvany (p. 152) notes that Whitchurch Township, without the Village of Stouffville, had a population of 4,529 in 1881. Cf. also (The Ecclesiastical Gazette ), (London, 1869), 318;(The Congregational Quarterly ), Vol. 11 (1869):140; (A Historical and Statistical Report of the Presbyterian Church of Canada ) (Montreal, 1866), 36; (Altona Mennonite Meetinghouse (Stouffville) ), ''Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online''; see esp. Barkey, (Stouffville, 1877–1977 ), 138–151, 7.〕 In 1869 Ballantrae had a population of 75, Bloomington 50, Gormley 80, Lemonville 75, and Ringwood 100.〔McEvoy, ( The Province of Ontario Gazetteer and Directory ), 1869.〕 In 1876, there was a regular stage coach connection from the hamlet of Stouffville to Ringwood, Ballantrae, Lemonville, Glasgow, Altona and Claremont.〔J. A. Crawford, ( Gazetteer and Directory of the County of Ontario, for the year 1876 ) (Uxbridge, ON: 1876), 14.〕 In 1877, Stouffville became an incorporated village.〔Cf. the detailed 1878 maps, (Township of Markham ); (Township of Whitchurch ), ''Illustrated historical atlas of the county of York and the township of West Gwillimbury & town of Bradford in the county of Simcoe, Ont.'' (Toronto : Miles & Co., 1878); also (Stouffville Map ) (1880).〕 Stouffville's growth was aided by the establishment of the Toronto and Nipissing Railway, built in 1871, which connected Stouffville and Uxbridge with Toronto. In 1877, a second track was built north to Jackson's Point on Lake Simcoe. These connections were created in large part to provide a reliable and efficient means of transporting timber harvested and milled in these regions.〔 Soon ''Stouffville Junction'' serviced thirty trains per day.〔Barkey, (Stouffville, 1877–1977 ), 19.〕 During this time of prosperity, Stouffville businessman R.J. Daley built a large music hall, roller-skating rink, and curling rink.〔(History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario ), vol. 2 (1885), 453.〕 In 1911 Stouffville had a public library, two banks, two newspapers, as well as telephone and telegraph connections.〔<(Province of Ontario Gazetteer and Directory: Stouffville ) (Ingersoll, ON, 1911), 995.〕 Intensive forestry in Whitchurch Township led to large-scale deforestation, eroding the thinner soils of northern Whitchurch into sand deserts; by 1850 Whitchurch Township was only 35 percent wooded, and that was reduced to 7 percent by 1910.〔Cf. Barkey et al., (Whitchurch Township ), 18–19, 21; 28f.〕 The Lake Simcoe Junction Railway Line was consequently abandoned in 1927.〔Barkey et al., (Whitchurch Township ), 92.〕 Reforestation efforts were begun locally, and with the passage of the Reforestation Act (1911), the process of reclaiming these areas began. Vivian Forest, a large conservation area in northern Whitchurch–Stouffville, was established in 1924 for this purpose. This development has helped to restore the water-holding capacity of the soil and to reduce the cycles of flash spring floods and summer drought. In 2008, the town had more than 62²km of protected forest;〔Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville, (Annual Report 2008 ), 6.〕 the forest is considered one of the most successful restorations of a degraded landscape in North America.〔(York Regional Forest ), York Region official website.〕 Yet similar environmental consequences due to increased urbanization were projected in 2007 by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority as probable for southern Whitchurch–Stouffville (headwaters of the Rouge River watershed) if targeted plantings in this area did not begin quickly.〔Toronto and Area Conservation Authority, (Rouge River Watershed Plan ) (2007), 64, 78.〕 Already in 1993, the Whitchurch Historical Committee warned a new generation of "Whitchurch-Stouffville residents" to be "vigilant to treat trees and forests with respect ... In the 1990s care must be taken so that urbanization and concrete road-building do not repeat the destruction to our forest heritage."〔Barkey et al., (Whitchurch Township ), 33; see also 30f.〕 Though growth in the hamlets of Whitchurch–Stouffville was stagnant after the demise of the forest industry, the population began to grow again in the 1970s, with development in Metropolitan Toronto and the consequent arrival of new commuters. These developments led to a reexamination at the provincial level of municipal governance. On January 1, 1971, Whitchurch Township and the Village of Stouffville were merged to create the Town of Whitchurch–Stouffville; the combined population was 11,487. The town's southern boundary was also moved four farm lots south of the original southern boundary of Main Street. This land was formerly a part of Markham Township.〔Barkey et al., (Whitchurch Township ), 99.〕 Whitchurch–Stouffville adopted its coat of arms in 1973 (see information box right). The dove of peace, the original seal of Whitchurch Township, is at the crest, recalling the pacifist Quaker and Mennonite settlers who founded many of the town's communities, including Stouffville. The British Union banner of 1707 pays tribute to the United Empire Loyalists. The white church symbolizes Whitchurch, and the star and chalice come from the Stouffer family (Swiss) coat of arms.〔Cf. Barkey et al., (Whitchurch Township ), 99.〕 The growth of Toronto brought serious ecological problems to Whitchurch–Stouffville. Between 1962 and 1969, hundreds of thousands of litres per month of sulfuric acid, calcium hydroxide, and oil waste were poured into unlined Whitchurch–Stouffville dumps never designed as landfill sites and situated directly above the town's main aquifer. This was followed by years of solid waste from Toronto (1,100 tons per day in 1982). In the early 1980s, a group initially named "Concerned Mothers" found that the miscarriage rate in Whitchurch–Stouffville was 26% compared to the provincial average of 15%, and that the town had a high rate of cancer and birth defects.〔''New Scientist'', (Birth Defects Mystery ) (July 18, 1981), 137; (The Sorry Saga of Stouffville's Polluted Water ) (Mar 18, 1982), 700; Legislative Assembly of Ontario, (Proceedings ), April 6, 1982; H. Rosenberg, (The Kitchen and the Multinational Corporation: An analysis of the links between the household and global corporations ), ''Journal of Business Ethics'' 6 (1987), 179f.; ''Globe and Mail'' (May 12, 1982).〕 Though the Ministry of Environment was satisfied that the wells tested in 1974 and 1981 had negligible levels of cancer causing agents (mutagens), the town opposed the expansion of the "York Sanitation Site #4". Only after much grass-roots advocacy at the provincial level was the site ordered to close on June 30, 1983.〔Cf. Legislative Assembly of Ontario, (Proceedings ), (April 6, 1982); (Proceedings ) (January 18, 1983). The garbage disposal company made a substantial donation to the governing Progressive Conservative party in 1974 as it was seeking disposal permits (cf. John Swaigan, (How to Fight for What's Right ) (James Lorimer & Company, 1981), 8f.).〕 In 1984 it was reported in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario that PCBs were found in well-water, and that 27,000 gallons of contaminated leachate per day were leaking from the site, threatening ground water quality.〔Cf. Ministry of the Environment, ( Whitchurch-Stouffville Mutagenicity Study: Final Report ) (1982), 46–47; also the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, (Proceedings: Stouffville Dump ) (June 18, 1984).〕 With new commuter rail service on the Stouffville Line in the 1990s, the drilling of two deep aquifer wells to secure safer water for a large, new development in the hamlet of Ballantrae〔Warren Smith, (Ballantrae Golf and Country Club – Not always thus ... ). Between 2001 and 2006, Ballantrae's population mushroomed from a population 295 to 1,278 people (Statistics Canada, (Population and dwelling counts, for urban areas, 2006 and 2001 )).〕 in 1996, and the controversial expansion of the York-Durham Sewage System Big Pipe with additional water capacity from Lake Ontario, Whitchurch–Stouffville began a major self-transformation.〔York Region, (Water and Wastewater Masterplan ) (November 2009); (Amendment 6 to the Official Plan for the Regional Municipality of York ) (1998).〕 Not unlike the late 19th century, responsible land and water stewardship, as well as the positive integration of many new residents annually into the community, define the challenges and opportunities for Whitchurch–Stouffville in the years to come. The most significant challenge facing Whitchurch–Stouffville in the coming years, however, is the federal government's proposed development of an international airport immediately south-east of Whitchurch–Stouffville (the Pickering Airport lands). Under the current plan, approaches for two of the three landing strips would be directly above Whitchurch–Stouffville communities: the first over Ballantrae, Musselman's Lake and the north-east corner of urban Stouffville, with planes descending (or ascending) from 535 to 365 metres (with an allowable building height in Stouffville of 43 metres); the second over Gormley and the Dickson Hill area (near the Walmart and Smart Centre).〔Cf. Transport Canada, ( Press Release ), June 11, 2013; (Plan Showing Pickering Airport Site ); also Greater Toronto Airports Authority, (Pickering Airport Draft Plan Report ), 6.3. By comparison, Toronto Pearson International Airport had 32.3 million passengers in 2008, with an average of 1,179 "aircraft movements" per day (GTTA, (Toronto Pearson Fast Facts ).〕 A "Needs Assessment Study" was completed by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority for the federal government in May 2010. After a "due diligence review," Transport Canada released the report in July 2011, which identified the most likely time range for the need of the airport to be 2027–2029, and confirmed the site layout proposed in the 2004 Draft Plan Report.〔See GTAA, "Needs Assessment Study Pickering Lands: Final Report," March 2011, fig. 12.1 & par. 12.4.3; also Transport Canada, News Release: "(Transport Canada releases findings of the 2010 Pickering Lands Needs Assessment Study )," July 11, 2011; S. Bolan, "(Stouffville politicians mixed over airport plan )," ''Stouffville Sun-Tribune'', July 13, 2011.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Whitchurch–Stouffville」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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